NOS3 rs1799983 and rs2070744 polymorphisms and their association with advanced chronic kidney disease and coronary heart disease in Canarian population with type 2 diabetes.

Context: Different polymorphisms of the endothelial nitric oxide synthase gene (NOS3) have been related to diabetic kidney disease. Objective: To evaluate the association between advanced diabetic chronic kidney disease (ACKD) and the rs1799983 and rs2070744 poymorphisms of NOS3 in a population from the Gran Canaria island. Design: Cross-sectional case-control study. Subjects and methods: Polymorphisms were genotyped in 152 subjects with ACKD secondary to type 2 diabetes [estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) <30 mL/min/1.73 m2], 110 subjects with type 2 diabetes for 20 or more years since diagnosis without ACKD (eGFR ≥45 mL/min/1.73m2 and albumin/creatinine ratio <300 mg/g and/or 24-h urinary albumin excretion <300 mg) and 292 healthy controls. Association between both polymorphisms and established coronary heart disease (CHD) was also analyzed in both groups with diabetes. Results: A greater proportion of homozygous individuals for the risk allele C of rs2070744 was found among subjects with ACKD. Association between ACKD and rs2070744 was observed in a recessive genetic model, both for comparison to subjects with diabetes but no ACKD [OR 2.17 (95% CI: 1.17-4.00), p=0.014] and for comparison to healthy controls [OR 1.61 (1.03-2.52), p=0.036]. The frequency of the C allele was significantly higher among subjects with CHD, but only in the group with ACKD. No associations were found for rs1799983. Conclusions: NOS3 rs2070744 is associated with ACKD in population with type 2 diabetes from Gran Canaria. A link between this genetic variant and CHD in Canarian subjects with type 2 diabetes could be restricted to cases with ACKD.

North African-Mediterranean HLA genetic contribution in a population of the kidney transplant waiting list patients of Canary origin (Gran Canaria).

The peopling of the Canary Islands has been widely debated. The mitochondrial DNA and Y-chromosome data support the idea of a Berber genetic origin coming from the North of Africa (maternal) and a later contribution of the Spanish invaders (paternal). The frequencies of the HLA class II alleles from the Tenerife Island (another Canary Island) have previously been published, postulating a Berber and Atlantic/Iberian contributions to the current population. The HLA class I and class II allele frequencies, haplotype frequencies and phylogenetic comparisons were performed in 215 unrelated individuals from Gran Canaria Island (belonging to the kidney transplant waiting list), with at least three generations of ancestors from Canary Islands, in order to study the different ethnical HLA contributions to the genetic background of the Canary Islanders. Results showed the presence of a compound HLA haplotype of putative Phoenician-Berber origin, A*33:01-C*08:02-B*14:02-DRB1*03:01-DQB1*02:01, likely coming from the combination of haplotypes A*30:02-C*05:01-B*18:01-DRB1*03:01-DQB1*02:01 and A*33:01-C*08:02-B*14:02-DRB1*01:02-DQB1*05:01 of North African (probably Berber) and West Asian Mediterranean (probably Phoenician) origins, respectively. The latter haplotypes and others from the same origin (Berber/Phoenician) are also present in the population studied. Besides, other contributions from the North of Europe, North England-Iberian (Atlantic contribution), and Western Europe/Mediterraneans (Spanish colonization) are also discussed. These data conclude that the current genetic background of the Canary Islands inhabitants has been generated over the years by different ways with an original Phoenician-Berber substrate and several genetic contributions generated in different invasions.

Vigilancia de infecciones y otros eventos adversos en pacientes en diálisis en el área sur de Gran Canaria / Surveillance for infections and other adverse events in dialysis patients in southern Gran Canaria

Introducción: Las infecciones bacterianas representan un gran desafío en las estrategias de gestión del riesgo, prevención y seguridad del paciente en hemodiálisis de las cuales las infecciones del acceso vascular (AV) representan la primera causa morbi-mortalidad en estos pacientes. Métodos: Estudio prospectivo de incidencia de eventos adversos e infecciones de 7 meses (marzo-septiembre 2008) en las unidades de Hemodiálisis del Área sanitaria Sur de Gran Canaria (Hospital y Centro periférico) utilizando la metodología del Dialysis Surveillance Network del CDC. Resultados: Se vigilaron 1545 pacientes/mes, 60,5% con fístula (FAV), 35,5% con catéter permanente (CP), 3,0% con prótesis y 1,0% con catéter temporal. La incidencia de eventos en ambos centros fue 8,7 casos por 100 pacientes-mes; la tasa de eventos infecciosos fue de 9,1 para FAV y 20,6 para CP en ámbito hospitalario, mientras las tasas de otras infecciones (respiratorias, herida, orina) fueron similares. Se realizó cultivo antes de empezar tratamiento antibiótico en el 91,0% frente a sospecha de bacteriemia y/o infección AV. El 90,0% de tratamientos se ajustaron con antibiograma. Destaca una baja incidencia de bacterias mutirresistentes mientras que las infecciones relacionadas con el AV fueron causadas en proporción similar por bacterias grampositivas y gramnegativas. Conclusiones: El acceso vascular es el principal factor de riesgo para el desarrollo de infecciones. La vigilancia epidemiológica he permitido detectar oportunidades de mejora en ámbitos asistenciales distintos, integrándose como elemento fundamental en el desarrollo de estrategias multidisciplinarias de seguridad del paciente (AU)

Background: Bacterial infections pose a great challenge to risk management activities in the area of chronic haemodialysis, as vascular access related infections are the main cause of mortality among these patients. Methods: Prospective surveillance study lasting 7 months (March-September, 2008) at the two haemodialysis units in a district health area in Gran Canaria, Spain. We have used methodology proposed by CDC´s Dialysis Surveillance Network. Results: 1545 patientsmonth were enrolled, 60,5% having an arterio-venous fistula (AVF), 35,5% permanent catheter (PC), 3,0% graft and 1,0% temporary catheters. Events incidence rate at both centers was 8,6 cases per 100 patients-month, 9,1 rate for FAV and 2,9 rates for CP, So, the greatest incidence of vascular access related infections was for permanent catheter as compared with AFV. Nevertheless the other type of infections (respiratory, urinary tract, skin and chronic ulcers) showed a similar rate. Microbiological cultures before antibiotic treatment were performed in 82,2 %, but increased up to 91,0% when a vascular related infection was suspected. Empiric treatment was adjusted to antibiogram results in 90,0% of occasions. A low incidence of multirresistant microbes was seen. Gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria appeared in a similar proportion. Conclusions: Vascular access is the main risk factor for infectious events. Epidemiological surveillance has allowed us to detect areas of improvement in different settings, appearing as a key element in the risk management and patient safety areas (AU)

Surveillance for infections and other adverse events in dialysis patients in southern Gran Canaria.

BACKGROUND: Bacterial infections pose a major challenge to risk management activities in the area of chronic haemodialysis, as vascular access-related infections are the main cause of mortality among these patients. METHODS: Prospective surveillance study lasting 7 months (March-September, 2008) at two haemodialysis units in a district health area Gran Canaria, Spain. We used the methodology proposed by CDC´s Dialysis Surveillance Network. RESULTS: 1545 patients/month were recorded, 60.5% with an arteriovenous fistula (AVF), 35.5% with a permanent catheter (PC), 3.0% with grafts and 1.0% with temporary catheters. The rate of adverse events was 8.6 cases per 100 patients/month, 9.1 for AVF patients, and 2.9 for PC. Nevertheless, the other types of infections (respiratory, urinary tract, skin and chronic ulcers) showed similar rates. Microbiological cultures were taken in 82.2%, but this rate increased to 91.0% when a vascular access-related infection was suspected. Empirical treatment was adjusted to antibiogram results in 90.0% of occasions. A low incidence of multi-resistant microbes was observed. Gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria appeared in similar proportions. CONCLUSIONS: Vascular access is the main risk factor for infectious events. Epidemiological surveillance has allowed us to detect areas of improvement in different settings, acting as a key element in risk management and patient safety.

Niveles de 25 hidroxivitamina D y riesgo cardiovascular en una cohorte de pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica avanzada / 25 hydroxyvitamin D levels and cardiovascular risk in a cohort of patients with chronic kidney disease

Introducción: Los niveles bajos de 25 hidroxivitamina D han sido relacionados con un aumento de la morbimortalidad de origen cardiovascular en la población general y en pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica. Objetivo: Nuestro objetivo fue estudiar los niveles de 25 hidroxivitamina D en un grupo de pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica estadios 4 y 5 prediálisis, y relacionarlos con los antecedentes de enferme- dad cardiovascular y con factores conocidos de riesgo cardiovascular. Material y métodos: Se trata de un estudio observacional transversal de una cohorte de 171 pacientes seguidos en la consulta prediálisis de nuestro hospital, me- dia de edad 64,16 ± 13 años, el 59,6% hombres, el 64,3% diabéticos, el 47,3% obesos y el 46,8% con antecedentes de enfermedad cardiovascular. A todos los pacientes se les mi- dieron los niveles séricos de 25 hidroxivitamina D y de 1-25 dihidroxivitamina D, se recogieron datos clínicos y analíticos de función renal, anemia, perfil lipídico y metabolismo óseo-mineral; también se evaluó la presión arterial mediante registro ambulatorio de 24 horas (MAPA) y se realizó estudio ecocardiográfico. Resultados: La media de los niveles de 25 hidroxivitamina D fue de 22,1 ± 13 ng/ml, sólo un 18,7% de los pacientes presentaban niveles normales, un 58,5% presentaban niveles insuficientes o bajos y un 22,8% niveles deficientes o muy bajos. Las variables que se asociaron con los niveles bajos de vitamina D fueron la edad, la diabetes, el sexo femenino, la obesidad, el filtrado glomerular y el antecedente de enfermedad cardiovascular. Dentro de los parámetros asociados a la presión arterial, la presión del pulso fue la que más se relacionó con los niveles de vitamina D. No se encontró asociación entre los niveles de 25 hidroxivitamina D con otros parámetros del metabolismo óseo mineral ni con los valores ecográficos de hipertrofia ventricular izquierda. En el análisis multivariante las variables que más se asociaron al déficit de 25 hidroxivitamina D fueron el sexo femenino, el antecedente de enfermedad cardiovascular, el filtrado glomerular y la presión del pulso del MAPA. Conclusiones: Nuestro estudio confirma una alta prevalencia de insuficiencia y deficiencia de 25 hidroxivitamina D en la población con enfermedad renal crónica avanzada; este déficit se asocia con la presencia de factores de riesgo cardiovascular y con el antecedente de enfermedad cardiovascular. Sin embargo, no se encontró ninguna asociación con uno de los principales predictores de eventos cardiovasculares como es la hipertrofia ventricular izquierda (AU)

Background: Decreased 25 hydroxyvitamin D serum levels have been related to an increase in cardiovascular morbility and mortality in both general population and chronic kidney disease patients. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between 25 hydroxy vitamin D serum level, cardiovascular risk factors and previouses tablished cardiovascular disease in a group of patients with advanced chronic kidney disease. Material and methods: We performed a cross-sectional observational study in a cohort of 171 stage 4 and 5 chronic kidney disease out patients seen in our predialysis clinic, mean age64.16 ± 13 years, 59.6% were men, 64.3% had diabetes,47.3% had obesity, 46.8% had previous cardiovascular disease. 25 hydroxy vitamin D and 1-25 dihydroxy vitamin D were measured, we also determine other routine biochemical parameters. All subjects underwent anechocardiogram and 24 hours ambulatory blood pressure monitoring was also performed. Results: Mean 25hydroxyvitamin D levels were 22.1 ± 13 ng/ml, only 18.7%of the patients had adecuate levels, levels were insufficient in 58.5% of the patients and deficient in 22.8% of them. Low 25 hydroxyvitamin D levels were significatively related with age, diabetes, female gender, obesity, MDRD glomerular filtration rate and previous cardiovascular disease. Pulse pressure was the Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring parameter that was better correlated with 25 hydroxyvitamin D levels. We could not find any association between vitamin D levels and other bone and mineral metabolism parameters. No relationship was seen between low vitamin D levels and left ventricular hypertrophy. On multivariate analysis lower levels of 25 hydroxyvitamin D were independently associated with female gender, previous cardiovascular disease, MDRD4-GFR and higher pulse pressure. Conclusions: Our study confirm a high prevalence of 25 hydroxyvitamin D insufficiency and deficiency in advanced chronic kidney disease patiens, this was associated with the presence of cardiovascular risk markers and previous established cardiovascular disease. However we could not see any relationship with left ventricular hypertrophy which is an known predictor of future cardiovascular events in this population (AU)

[25 hydroxyvitamin D levels and cardiovascular risk in a cohort of patients with advanced chronic kidney disease]. / Niveles de 25 hidroxivitamina D y riesgo cardiovascular en una cohorte de pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica avanzada.

BACKGROUND: Decreased 25 hydroxyvitamin D serum levels have been related to an increase in cardiovascular morbility and mortality in both general population and chronic kidney disease patients. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between 25 hydroxyvitamin D serum level, cardiovascular risk factors and previous established cardiovascular disease in a group of patients with advanced chronic kidney disease. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We performed a cross-sectional observational study in a cohort of 171 stage 4 and 5 chronic kidney disease outpatients seen in our predialysis clinic, mean age 64.16 +/- 13 years, 59.6% were men, 64.3% had diabetes, 47.3% had obesity, 46.8% had previous cardiovascular disease. 25 hydroxyvitamin D and 1-25 dihydroxyvitamin D were measured, we also determined other routine biochemical parameters. All subjects underwent an echocardiogram and 24 hours ambulatory blood pressure monitoring was also performed. RESULTS: Mean 25 hydroxyvitamin D levels were 22.1 +/- 13 ng/mL, only 18.7% of the patients had adequate levels, levels were insufficient in 58.5% of the patients and deficient in 22.8% of them. Low 25 hydroxyvitamin D levels were significantly related with age, diabetes, female gender, obesity, MDRD glomerular filtration rate and previous cardiovascular disease. Pulse pressure was the Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring parameter that was better correlated with 25 hydroxyvitamin D levels. We could not find any association between vitamin D levels and other bone and mineral metabolism parameters. No relationship was seen between low vitamin D levels and left ventricular hypertrophy. On multivariate analysis lower levels of 25 hydroxyvitamin D were independently associated with female gender, previous cardiovascular disease, MDRD4-GFR and higher pulse pressure. CONCLUSIONS: Our study confirm a high prevalence of 25 hydroxyvitamin D insufficiency and deficiency in advanced chronic kidney disease patients, this was associated with the presence of cardiovascular risk markers and previous established cardiovascular disease. However we could not see any relationship with left ventricular hypertrophy which is a known predictor of future cardiovascular events in this population.

Intoxicación grave por metanol y tolueno: a propósito de un caso / Severe methanol and tolueno poisoning: a case report

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Acute renal failure in patients following bone marrow transplantation: prevalence, risk factors and outcome.

To assess the prevalence, risk factors, clinical causes and outcome of acute renal failure (ARF) following bone marrow transplantation (BMT), a retrospective analysis of 275 patients was undertaken. ARF was diagnosed in 72 patients (26%) and occurred in 81.9% within the first month. The three main clinical causes were multifactorial (36%), nephrotoxic (29%), and veno-occlusive disease of the liver (VOD) 15%. The prevalence was higher in allogeneic BMT (36%) than in autologous BMT (6.5%). Risk factors related to the development of ARF wee preexisting VOD and age older than 25 years. Logistic regression in allogeneic BMT confirmed this association (VOD, odds ratio 3.8; age offer than 25, odds ratio 1.9). Underlying disease, graft-versus-host disease, sepsis, conditioning therapy, and sex were not associated with ARF. Seventeen cases of ARF required hemodialysis (24%) mainly in association with VOD (70.5%). The overall morality from ARF was 45.8%, the dialyzed group having the highest mortality (88%). Survival in the ARF group was continuously worse up to 3 months and the actuarial survival at 10 years was 29.7 versus 53.2%. We conclude that ARF is a common complication mainly in allogeneic BMT and carries a grave prognosis. VOD and age were risk factors for ARF.

Partial purification of a renotropic activity from plasma of uninephrectomized human subjects.

A renotropic factor was partially purified by sequential gel filtration and anion exchanger chromatography from plasma of human kidney transplantation donors and a renal cancer patient after uninephrectomy. This activity increased the rate of [3H]thymidine incorporation into DNA in rat cortical tubules, but not in rat liver cells, within the range of 100-200 ng/ml protein. The renotropic activity was detected between 7 and 12 days after uninephrectomy, and at least in 1 case decreased thereafter. This activity was undetected in gel-filtrated plasma of patients after a nonurological surgical procedure. The potency of this renotropic activity and its elution by gel filtration are similar to those displayed by a renal growth factor activity isolated from uninephrectomized rat plasma, as recently reported.

[Effect of family environment on adaptation to the hemodialysis program in patients with chronic renal insufficiency]. / Influencia del clima familiar en la adaptación al programa de hemodiálisis en pacientes con insuficiencia renal crónica.

In our study we have analyzed the influence of family environment on adjustment of renal patients to the HD as well as on the attitude towards kidney transplantation. The study included 57 patients (34 M, 23 F), mean age 52.3 years, and they had been on dialysis for an average of 34.5 months. We obtained information about adaptation and behavior in the care unit, and attitude and motivation towards renal transplantation. Biochemical variables were used to register disruption of medical compliance or dietetic transgression (K, PRC, BUN, weight gain, etc.). The patient's family climate was assessed through use of the Family Environment Scale (FES, Moos and Moos, 1981). The results showed that patients with aggressiveness and noncompliance during HD sessions tended to have high family conflict in family members. The most positive attitudes towards renal transplantation were found in the patients that came from families with the greatest degree of cohesion and expressiveness. In summary, family social climate is a variable influencing outcome of these patients. Its routine assessment would permit the prediction of adaptation to the therapeutic program as much as better efficacy of HD treatment.